Mmere a Ɛyɛ Den Tokens: Sika wɔ Sikasɛm mu Apereperedi Bere Mu

Hard times tokens yɛ Amerika sika a ɛnyɛ aban de a ankorankoro nnwuma bɔɔ wɔ 1830 kosi 1840 mfe no mu. Token ahorow no yɛɛ sika a ɛnyɛ aban de wɔ sikasɛm mu ahokyere bere mu ne nkyerɛkyerɛmu a ɛfa mmoa a aban no de mae wɔ saa ɔhaw no mu ho, na na token pii wɔ aseresɛm ho nhyehyɛe ahorow.

Sɛ wunnim a, “tokens” te sɛ sika nanso ɛsono sika wɔ sika ho efisɛ ankorankoro nnwumakuw na wɔde ma (ɛnyɛ aban), ɛnyɛ mmara kwan so sika, na ɛwɔ dwumadie a ɛyɛ teateaa ɛfiri sɛ ɛnyɛ aban sika.

Sika yɛ gyinapɛn, nanso sɛnea wo arcade tokens wɔ bo pɔtee ne sɛnea wɔde di dwuma no, numismatic tokens kura bo pii a ɛyɛ n’ankasa de.

Yɛhyehyɛɛ Coins Auctioned wɔ afe 2009 mu de hyɛɛ sika, sika, ne nsɛnkyerɛnneɛ bebree a ɛma sika a wɔboaboa ano yɛ anigyeɛ a ɛyɛ anigyeɛ saa no anuonyam na yɛasi so dua. Ɛnnɛ, yɛn ani agye sɛ yɛbɛkyɛ abakɔsɛm, ahodoɔ, gyinapɛn, ne nna titire a ɛfa abakɔsɛm mu mmerɛ a emu yɛ den ho nsɛnkyerɛnneɛ no ho.

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ: Abverse & reverse of 1837 Merchant's Exchange Hard Times Token a efi "The Cooper Collections" | Mfonini no fi: Centpacrr wɔ Borɔfo Wikipedia

Abakɔsɛm mu Nsɛm a Wɔakyerɛw

Sɛ yɛbɛte mmere a emu yɛ den ho nsɛnkyerɛnne ase a, ɛsɛ sɛ yɛte nea na eponymous “Mmere a emu yɛ den” no ase. Na ɛno nti, ɛsɛ sɛ yehu nnipa atitiriw baanu a wɔyɛɛ adwuma wɔ 1830 mfe no mu Amerika ho asɛm: Andrew Jackson ne United States Sikakorabea a Ɛto so Abien.

Wɔde United States Sikakorabea a Ɛto so Abien sii hɔ wɔ afe 1816 mu sɛ ɛbɛboa ma wɔde ahotɔ asi hɔ — ama U.S. sika a wɔahyɛ ho mmara no agyina, ama sikasɛm agyina wɔ 1812 Ko no sɛee akyi, na ama aban no sikasɛm agyina wɔ bere a na aban no asɛe titiriw no mu.

Na saa sikakorabea yi yɛ ɔman no ɔman sikakorabea, nanso na aban no wɔ sika a ɛwɔ mu no mu 20%. Na ɛyɛ ankorankoro ne ɔman a wɔadi afra — ankorankoro ahyehyɛde a ebu akontaa kyerɛ U.S. aban sɛ ne stockholders no mu biako, a na ɛwɔ nkorabata pii wɔ ɔman no mu nyinaa.

Nanso, ɛnyɛ obiara na n’ani gyee Ɔman Sikakorabea a Ɛto so Abien no ho. Na eyi sɛee bere a sikasɛm no sɛee bio wɔ 1819 mu nkutoo.

Ehu a ɛbae wɔ 1819 mu

Te sɛ ɔko no akyi mmere pii no, U.S. hyɛn anidaso ne ntrɛwmu bere bi mu wɔ 1812 Ko no akyi.Nkurɔfo tu kɔɔ atɔe fam, kotoku a wɔyɛ no kɔɔ soro, na sikakorabea ahorow kyekyɛɛ bosea benkum ne nifa a na wɔwɔ anidaso sɛ wobenya mfaso a wɔansusuw ho bio.

Nokwarem no, yiyedi yi ankyɛ. Wiase nyinaa kotoku bo kɔɔ fam kɛse, wogyaee asase tɔn, na sikakorabea ahorow — a Sikakorabea a Ɛto so Abien no ka ho — kae sɛ wɔn a wɔbɔ bosea no betumi atua ɛka a wɔbɔ wɔ “sika a ɛyɛ den” anaa “specie” (a ɛkyerɛ sika kɔkɔɔ anaa dwetɛ) a wonni nkutoo mu.

Nea efii mu bae ne nneɛma akɛse a wogye fii wɔn nsam, agyapade bo a ɛkɔɔ fam kɛse, sikasɛm mu ahokyere, ne adwuma a wonnya nyɛ a ɛkɔɔ so kosii 1822... ne ahotoso a wonni wɔ sikakorabea ne mprempren sikasɛm nhyehyɛe ahorow a aban no wɔ mu a ɛkɔɔ soro, titiriw Sikakorabea a Ɛto so Abien no tumi a ɛwɔ krataa sika so a na specie a ɛbɛboa no.

Hyɛn mu: Andrew Jackson ne ne Sikakorabea Ko.

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ no: United States Sikakorabea a Ɛto so Abien no ho mfonini a wɔde nsa ayɛ a C. Burton yɛe wɔ 1831 mu | Mfonini no fi: Library of Congress, Ɔmanfo de

Andrew Jackson Bere no

Ɛwom sɛ na Sikakorabea a Ɛto so Abien ne ɔman no sikasɛm asan ayɛ yiye wɔ 1820 mfe no mfinimfini de, nanso Andrew Jackson ne “Jeffersonfo” pii — a wɔtaa U.S. ɔmampanyin a ɔto so abiɛsa Thomas Jefferson aban nketewa nhyehyɛe ahorow akyi — huu sikakorabea no sɛ ɛpɛ adefo atitiriw sen ɔman mma a wɔyɛ da biara da na ɛne ɔman no demokrase adwene nhyia.

Wɔhyɛɛ Jackson sɛ U.S. ɔmampanyin a ɔto so ason wɔ 1829. Ofii ase bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ obetu Sikakorabea a Ɛto so Abien no agu, anaasɛ sɛnea ɔfrɛɛ no ​​no: “sika tumi,” wɔ nea abakɔsɛm akyerɛwfo frɛ no Jackson Sikakorabea Ko no mu.

Na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ sikakorabea no mmara no foforo wɔ 1832. Wɔ saa afe no July mu no, Mmarahyɛ Bagua no too mmara bi a ɛmaa sikakorabea no san yɛɛ adwuma (a mmara a wɔayɛ mu nsakrae wom) nanso Jackson de ne nsa too mmara no so .

(Hyɛ no nsow: Sikakorabea a Ɛto so Abien no mmara no anwie wɔ mfiridwuma mu kosii 1836, nanso wofii ase yɛɛ foforo wɔ 1832 mu .)

Wɔ ne kasa a ɛfa mmara a wɔde siw ano ho no, Jackson frɛɛ sikakorabea no titiriw sɛ ahyehyɛde a ɛhyɛ adesuakuw mu pɛyɛ a enni hɔ ho nkuran . Congress mufo a wɔsɔre tia Jackson Sikakorabea Ko no — titiriw Whig Party muni Daniel Webster — huu veto kasa no sɛ pandering ne sowing mpaapaemu.

Jackson dii nkonim wɔ 1832 mu, abatow a wɔde wɔn adwene sii Sikakorabea Ko no so kɛse. Ɛwom sɛ ebia Congress rennye ne veto no ntom de, nanso na Jackson asi ne bo sɛ ɔbɛhwɛ sɛ wɔbɛfa ɔkwan biara a ɛho hia so atu Sikakorabea a Ɛto so Abien no agu.

Jackson kasatia no

Jackson anammɔn a edi kan a ɔfaa so yii sikakorabea no fii hɔ ne sɛ obeyi aban sika a wɔde asie no afi hɔ — titiriw no, ɔtew aban no ne sikakorabea no ntam. Nanso, wantumi anyɛ eyi a Sikakorabea Ɔkyerɛwfo no ammɔ sikakorabea no amanneɛ sɛ abubu... a ɛnyɛ saa.

Jackson ayɔnkofo bi a wɔyɛ adwuma wɔ Mmarahyɛ Bagua no mu bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛboa no ma oyi sika a aban no de ma no afi hɔ nanso ankosi hwee. Esiane sɛ Sikakorabea Ɔkyerɛwfo William Duane renyi sika a wɔde asie no mfi hɔ wɔ ɔkwan a mmara mma ho kwan so sɛnea Jackson pɛ nti, Jackson de Roger Taney sii n’ananmu.

Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobetumi adi mmara so bu a ɛne sɛ wobeyi sika a wɔde asie no ho dwuma no, Jackson ne Taney fii ase de sika guu ɔman sikakorabea ahorow a wɔne Jackson yɛ biako mu bere a wɔhwɛɛ wɔn sika a wɔde asie dedaw no so wɔ Sikakorabea a Ɛto so Abien no.

Eyi maa Mmarahyɛ Bagua a Whig di so no de kasatia (kyerɛ sɛ aban kasatia) mae wɔ Jackson nneyɛe no ho sɛ ɛne ɔman mmara nhyia wɔ March 1834. Ɛmfa ho saa kasatia yi no, Mmarahyɛ Bagua no penee so sɛ wɔrensan nhyehyɛ Sikakorabea a Ɛto so Abien no. Sikakorabea a Ɛto so Abien no kɔɔ so wɔ kokoam wɔ ɔman no mmara a efi Pennsylvania ase, na awiei koraa no wogyaee wɔ 1841 mu.

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ no: U.S. Whig Kuw no krataa a wɔde kyerɛw krataa a efi 1838 a ɛkyerɛ adwuma a wonnya nyɛ wɔ 1837 mu Ehu no mu, a Henry Dacre | Mfonini no fi: Library of Congress, Ɔmanfo de

Ehu a ɛbae wɔ 1837 mu

Ɔman sikakorabea ahorow kɔɔ so bere a wɔtew Sikakorabea a Ɛto so Abien no fii aban no ho akyi, na sikasɛm dii yiye bere tiaa bi. Ɔman mma nyaa bosea pii fii ɔman no sikakorabea ahorow yi hɔ, na Jackson tuaa ɔman no ka nea edi kan (na ɛda so ara yɛ nea edi kan) pɛn. Bere a wotua ɛka no, sikakorabea sika no sae na wɔdanee boseabɔ kɔɔ boseabɔ so.

Nanso na Jackson da so ara sɔre tia krataa sika , nea ɛka ho ne sɛ na ɔpɛ sɛ ɔbara ɔman sikakorabea ahorow sɛ wɔmfa sika kɔkɔɔ a ɛba fam $5 mma na wɔmfa sika a wɔmfa dade a ɛsom bo (“sika a ɛyɛ den” a yɛadi kan aka ho asɛm) mma. Ade a edi kan a wɔyɛe ne sɛ wɔhyɛɛ Coinage Act of 1834 , a ɛmaa sika kɔkɔɔ bo kɔɔ soro na ɛmaa ne mu duru yɛɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ.

Wɔ 1836 mu no, Mmarahyɛ Bagua no nso gyee Jackson sikakorabea ho mmara toom na ɛmaa ɔman no sikakorabea dodow kɔɔ soro. Eyi kyerɛe sɛ wɔbɛbɔ bosea pii na na ɛyɛ den kɛse ma aban mmara . Saa ɔman sikakorabea ahorow yi fii ase tɔn asase pii.

Enti, Jackson bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ obesiw nsusuwii hunu a asiane wom dodo ano denam Specie Circular a ɔpenee so, a ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wotua aban asase a wɔatɔ nyinaa wɔ specie mu na ɛnyɛ krataa sika mu.

Mmarahyɛ Bagua bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛpow mmara no nanso Jackson de kɔmaa bere a n’ahenni bere a ɛto so abien baa awiei wɔ 1837 mu no ara pɛ, na ɔde asɛm no maa ɔmampanyin a odi hɔ Martin Van Buren . Awerɛhosɛm ne sɛ, na investors nni specie a wɔde betua wɔn bosea.

Sɛnea asɛmmɔne bɛba no, Britania sikasɛm kɔɔ fam bere koro no ara mu ma enti amannɔne sika a wɔde hyɛ mu no gyaee. Eyi ne nea efii asase ho nsusuwii hunu mu ba a wontumi nkwati, krataa so sika a wɔsɛee no, ne sɛnea nnipa dodow no ara ntumi ntua wɔn sikakorabea bosea wɔ ɔkwan biara so no kaa ho no maa Ehu bae wɔ 1837 mu .

Te sɛ Ehu a ɛbaa 1819 mu no, Ehu a ɛbaa 1837 mu no de ahokyere a emu yɛ den bae: adwuma a wonnya nyɛ, nneɛma bo a ɛkɔ soro, ɛka... sikasɛm mu ahokyere ho agyiraehyɛde nyinaa. Saa adwenemhaw yi a wɔtoo din “Mmere a Ɛyɛ Den” no kɔɔ so kosii 1840 mfe no mfinimfini.

Mmere a Ɛyɛ Den Tokens

Specie Circular mmara no maa nkurɔfo fii ase boaboaa sika kɔkɔɔ ne dwetɛ sika ano na sikakorabea akɛse gyaee specie sika a wɔde ma. Esiane sɛ na saa sika yi nni hɔ a wɔde bedi dwuma sɛ sika nti, na ɛsɛ sɛ ankorankoro nnwumakuw yɛ wɔn ho wɔn ho sɛnea wɔpɛ.

Enti, ankorankoro nnwuma fii ase yɛɛ wɔn ankasa kɔbere ne kɔbere sika nketewa. Esiane sɛ na ɛnyɛ aban sika nti, wɔfrɛ wɔn token. Nanso na saa token ahorow yi taa ne U.S. sika a edi kan no kyɛ adwini ahorow.

Dɛn na na wɔde mmere a emu yɛ den token ahorow di dwuma?

Na nhwɛso no ne eyi: nnwumakuw a wɔwɔ osuahu a ɛfata wɔ nneɛma a wɔyɛ mu no yɛɛ saa token ahorow a ɛne sɛnt biako yɛ pɛ yi, na wɔtɔn no pii maa nnwumakuw nketewa a wɔtɔɔ biara nnu cent biako. Afei na nnwumakuw nketewa no de saa token ahorow yi bedi dwuma sɛ cent biako sika bere a wɔde nsakrae rema wɔn adetɔfo no.

Nnwumakuw akɛse no nyaa mfaso denam wɔn nnwuma a wɔmaa ɛkɔɔ so no so, nnwuma nketewa no nyaa mfaso fii nneɛma a wɔtɔɔ pii mu, na adetɔfo nyaa mfaso denam sika a wonyae a wobetumi de adi dwuma wɔ mmeae afoforo no so.

Wɔ 1840 mfeɛ no mfitiaseɛ mu no, sikasɛm hyɛɛ aseɛ yɛɛ yie na sikakorabea ahodoɔ tumi tua specie ka bio. Eyi kyerɛ sɛ aban sika san bae, enti na mmere a emu yɛ den mu sɛnkyerɛnnede ahorow ho nhia bio.

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ: Abverse of 1837 hard times token | Mfonini no fi: John Alan Elson, CC-BY-SA-3.0

Nsɛm a Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ Mu & Nneɛma Ahorow

Na mmara biara nni hɔ a ɛfa mmere a emu yɛ den token ho, enti na ɛsono emu biara. Nanso, na dodow no ara wɔ su horow a ɛte saa ara, efisɛ na wɔtaa de Amerikafo sika a edi kan , titiriw cent akɛse ne cent fã (a wɔde abien no nyinaa mae fi 1793 kosi 1857) na ɛyɛ ho nhwɛso. Ná saa su ahorow yi bi ne:

• Mu duru : Bɛyɛ gram 5 kosi 14

• Ne kɛse : Bɛyɛ mm 22 kosi 28

• Ne kɛse : Bɛyɛ mm 1.75 kosi 2

• Nneɛma a wɔde yɛ : Mpɛn pii no, ɛyɛ kɔbere anaa kɔbere

Ná ɛsono sɛnea wɔyɛɛ mmere a emu yɛ den token ahorow no kɛse sen wɔn mfiridwuma ho nsɛm.

Nsusuwii ne Nsɛnkyerɛnnede

Ade titiriw a ɛma mmere a emu yɛ den mu token ahorow no yɛ anigye ne sɛnea wɔayɛ no ahorow pii na ɛyɛ soronko no. Mpɛn pii no, nea ɛka saa nhyehyɛe ahorow yi ho ne sɛnkyerɛnnede a ɛka koma anaasɛ anyɛ yiye koraa no, nhumu a ɛfa aguadifo a wɔyɛ da biara da wɔ Amerika 1800 mfe no mfiase mu hɔ no adwene ho.

Ade biako a ɛho hia a ɛsɛ sɛ yɛhyɛ no nsow ne sɛ na token ahorow no ntumi nyɛ sɛ sika a aban no de mae dodo — ɛno bɛma wɔayɛ atoro.

Ná nneɛma bi wɔ adwini ahorow bi a ɛte sɛ sika a aban de ma te sɛ nsoromma, akɔre, Liberty Head anim mfonini, ne nhwiren, ne afe no, nanso na wɔakyerɛw so te sɛ “ƐNYƐ CENT BAKO” wɔ wɔn akyi.

Nanso, na mmere a emu yɛ den mu nsɛnkyerɛnne yɛ soronko wɔ sika a wɔde di dwuma ho. Mmere a emu yɛ den mu token nhyehyɛe ahorow abien titiriw ne aguade ho dawurubɔ ne amammuisɛm anaa aseresɛm mfonini.

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ: 1830 mfe no anim Mefa Asɛyɛde no Andrew Jackson mmere a emu yɛ den token a Scovill & Co. Manufacturing | Mfonini no fi: Smithsonian Tete Nneɛma Akorae, Ɔmanfo de

Aguadifo Dawurubɔ

Esiane sɛ nnwumakuw ankorankoro na wɔyɛɛ token ahorow no na aguadifo na wɔkyekyɛe nti, ɛkame ayɛ sɛ na mmere a emu yɛ den token ahorow no tumi kura nkrasɛm biara. Mpɛn pii no, na aguadifo no bɛpaw sɛ wɔbɛbɔ wɔn ankasa adwuma ho dawuru; ne nyinaa akyi no, wɔde mfaso bi rema wɔn adetɔfo denam nsakrae a wɔbɛma wɔn de adi dwuma no so, enti ebia wobenya nkɔso bi a wontua hwee sɛ ade a wɔde bɛka ho.

Ná wɔtaa frɛ saa aguade ho dawurubɔ nsɛnkyerɛnne yi “store cards” na na efi nnwuma bɛboro 100 hɔ saa bere no.

Adwuma biako a enyaa ɔhyew maa wɔn “store card” hard times tokens ne Scovill Manufacturing. Ná ne 1837 token ahorow no ho mfonini a ɛte sɛ aban cent akɛse no ara pɛ nanso na wɔakyerɛw “SUBSTITUTE FOR SHIN PLASTERS” wɔ akyi.

Wɔbɔɔ William Scovill sobo wɔ 1838 mu sɛ ɔyɛ atoro, ɛwom sɛ ankɔ akyiri nsen sobo a wɔde bɔɔ no de. Abakɔsɛm akyerɛwfo gye di sɛ na sobo no yɛ nokware ankasa efisɛ na Scovill token ahorow no reto ahyɛ aban no so pefee — “shin plasters” yɛ asɛmfua a wɔde frɛ krataa sika sikakorabea ahorow a wɔde dii dwuma wɔ 1830 mfe no mu a ɛbaa awiei sɛ mfaso nni so bere a Jackson twaa Specie Circular no akyi.

Ɛno kyerɛ sɛ Scovill hard times tokens nso hyɛ ɔfa a ɛtɔ so mmienu no ase:

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ: Abverse of 1837 satirical "Executive Experiment" mmere a emu yɛ den token | Mfonini no fi: NGC, Public domain

Amanyɔsɛm & Aseresɛm Ho Nsusuwii

Esiane sɛ ɛho hia sɛ wɔbɔ mmere a emu yɛ den mu nsɛnkyerɛnne esiane aban gyinaesi nti nti, nnwuma pii de saa nsɛnkyerɛnne yi dii dwuma de kyerɛɛ wɔn abasamtu wɔ wɔn a wosusuwii sɛ wɔde asodi no ho — a ɛne Andrew Jackson ne Martin Van Buren — ne aban no afã afoforo a na wɔn ani gye ho sɛ wɔbɛkasa atia no ho.

Sɛ Scovill token a yɛadi kan aka ho asɛm no da nkyɛn a, nhwɛso ahorow bi ne:

• Van Buren vs Webster : Ɛkyerɛ hyɛn a asɛe wɔ nkyerɛwee “VAN BUREN METALLIC CURRENCY 1837” nkyɛn wɔ anim & hyɛn a edii nkonim a wɔakyerɛw “WEBSTER CREDIT CURRENCY 1841” wɔ akyi; Whig Party no mufo a wɔboaa Daniel Webster wɔ 1836 mu, a ɔhweree Van Buren no na wɔyɛe

• Akoa a Ɔkotow : Ɛkyerɛ akoa bea a ɔkotow a wɔakyerɛw so sɛ “SO MENNYƐ ƆBEA NE ONUABAA 1838” anaa (ɛntaa mma) akoa barima a wɔakyerɛw so sɛ “SO MENNYƐ ƆBARIMA NE ONUA”; Wɔn a wɔpɛ sɛ wɔtow aba na wɔyɛe na wɔde Britania token ahorow a ɛte saa ara a ɛko tia nkoasom fã pence a wɔyɛe wɔ 1780 kosi 1790 mfe no mu no na ɛkanyan no

• Illustrious Predecessor / Executive Experiment (1837) : Ɛkyerɛ mpɔtorɔ a adaka a wɔakyerɛw so “SUE TREASURY” wɔ nkyerɛwee a wɔakyerɛw so sɛ “EXECUTIVE FINANCIERING” anaa “EXECUTIVE EXPERIMENT” wɔ anim & afurum a wɔakyerɛw “I FOLLOW IN THE STEPS OF MY ILLUSTRIOUS PREDECESSOR” wɔ akyi Wɔyɛɛ no ​​sɛ wɔbɛkasa atia nhyehyɛe ahorow a Andrew Jackson (sɛ ɔkraman) ne Van Buren (sɛ afurum) kura saa nhyehyɛe ahorow no mu

• The Constitution As I Understand It (1834) : Ɛkyerɛ Andrew Jackson a ɔhyɛ asraafo atade a okura saber ne sika kotoku bere a ofi sika adaka mu a wɔakyerɛw so sɛ “I TAKE THE RESPONSIBILITY” & afurum wɔ akyi a wɔakyerɛw so “THE CONSTITUTION AS I UNDERSTAND IT” ne “ROMAN FIRMNESS,” “LL.D.” ne “VETO” ne “VETO”; Scovill & Co. na ɛyɛe de gyee tumi a Jackson wɔ wɔ aban sikasɛm ne asraafo afã horow so ho kyim denam n’ankasa nsɛm a wɔafa aka a ɔde dii dwuma bere a ɔfrɛ no jackass a ɔwɔ LL.D. (abodin krataa a nidi wom a Jackson nya fii Harvard)

Eyi yɛ nsukyenee no ano ara kwa wɔ nkrasɛm mu, efisɛ ne titiriw no, saa ankorankoro nnwuma yi betumi aka nea wɔpɛ biara wɔ sika no so. Nanso henanom ne saa nnwuma yi a wɔreyɛ mmere a emu yɛ den ho sɛnkyerɛnne?

Minting ne Nneɛma a Wɔyɛ

Ankorankoro nnwuma du du pii yɛɛ mmere a emu yɛ den ho nsɛnkyerɛnne, na wɔn mu pii yɛɛ nneɛma a ɛte sɛ sika te sɛ bɔton anaa nkonimbo dedaw. Wɔtɔn saa token ahorow yi pii maa nnwumakuw nketewa, na wonyaa bi a ennu sɛnt biako wɔ token biara ho. Afei nnwuma nketewa no de dii dwuma sɛ sika a ɛyɛ sɛnt 1 wɔ adetɔfo aguadi mu, na ɛma wonyaa mfaso.

Sɛnea Museum of Connecticut History kyerɛ no , abakɔsɛm akyerɛwfo ahu mmere a emu yɛ den ho sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow bɛboro 600, na ɛtew wɔn a wɔyɛe bɛyɛ saa no fã so ma wɔabɛyɛ ankorankoro nnwuma 12. Scovill & Co (a yɛadi kan aka ho asɛm) de keeki no ka saa 12 a wɔwɔ hard times token ahorow ahorow 90 no ho.

Saa nhwehwɛmu yi yɛ nwonwa, efisɛ na kyerɛwtohɔ ahorow a ɛfa mintage akontaabu ne mmere a emu yɛ den mu token a wɔyɛ no nyɛ ahwɛyiye te sɛ nea U.S. Mint de sie no.

Afe biara, sika ho animdefo ne abakɔsɛm akyerɛwfo hu mmere a emu yɛ den mu nsɛnkyerɛnne ho nsɛm pii, na ɛma saa nsɛm a ɛtoatoa so yi yɛ anigye kɛse mpo sɛ abakɔsɛm ne nsɛm a ɛretrɛw a wɔaboaboa ano a ɛkɔ so bere nyinaa.

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ: Abverse of 1838 So Menyɛ Ɔbea & Onuawa hard times token a Gibbs, Gardner & Co. | Mfonini no fi: Lost Dutchman Rare Coins, Ɔmanfo de

Nneɛma a Wɔboaboa Ano na Wɔde Ma

Nneɛma atitiriw a ɛka bo a mmere a emu yɛ den token ahorow som ne:

• Ahorow : Mpɛn pii no, mfonini anaa nkyerɛwee ahorow bi som bo sen afoforo. Sɛ yɛka ne nyinaa bom a, mmere a emu yɛ den mu nsɛnkyerɛnne a wɔayɛ no tia nkoasom na agye din sen biara, na ɛhyɛ bo a ɛkorɔn sen biara.

• Rarity : Ahorow ahorow a ɛyɛ den sɛ wobenya no som bo kɛse. Sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔ nkoa ahorow a wɔkotow a yɛadi kan aka ho asɛm no so no, nkoa barima kwan no yɛ mmere a emu yɛ den ho sɛnkyerɛnne a ɛntaa nsi koraa sen akoa mmea no.

• Demand : Mprempren agye din wɔ hard times tokens (anaa nsɛm pɔtee bi) ho no sakra, enti wɔn gua so bo sakra. Ebia eyi nso ne mprempren amammui tebea a ɛwɔ U.S. ne mprempren nsɛm a esisi a ɛda mmere a emu yɛ den bere no adi no bɛyɛ pɛ.

• Tebea : Token a wɔakora so yiye no bɛfa nneɛma bo a ɛkɔ soro, titiriw sɛ efi asɛm bi a nkwa nna sua wɔ grades a ɛkorɔn mu.

Tebea no taa de ma sɛ abasobɔde denam adwumayɛfo a wɔyɛ adwuma wɔ ɔkwan a ɛto so abiɛsa so te sɛ Professional Coin Grading Services (PCGS) anaa Numismatic Guaranty Company (NGC) so.

Abasobɔde ahorow

Sikakorabea nkyerɛwde nhyehyɛe ahorow wɔ hɔ, nanso abasobɔde ahorow a wɔde ma wɔ mmere a emu yɛ den mu token ahorow ho ne:

1. Uncirculated : Wɔnkyinkyin da & wɔkora so yiye; Ɛte sɛ nea ɛyɛɛ da a wɔbɔɔ no no

2. Mint State (MS) : Te sɛ Uncirculated nanso ɛwɔ sub-grades fi 60 kosi 70 ma agyiraehyɛde pii a wotumi hu kosi nea mfomso biara nni ho, sɛnea ɛte biara

3. Ɛfa Uncirculated (AU) ho : Ɔsɛe nketenkete paa wɔ nsɛntitiriw a ɛkorɔn a wɔayɛ no so fi bere tiaa bi a wɔde di akɔneaba, nneɛma a wɔakora so yiye, ɛkame ayɛ sɛ mint hyerɛn a edi mũ; Sub-grades fi 50 kosi 58

4. Extremely Fine (EF anaa XF) : Nsɛm a edi mũ, a ɛyɛ hare a ɛhyɛ wɔ mmeae a ɛkorɔn; Nkyekyɛmu nketewa 40 & 45

5. Very Fine (VF) : Nsɛm a ɛkɔ akyiri kosi nea edi mũ, hyɛ wɔ mmeae a ɛkorɔn; Sub-grades 20 kosi 35

6. Fine (F) : ɔha biara mu nkyem 50 anaa nea ennu saa a ɛyɛ tratraa, a wotumi hu wɔ nkyerɛwde a ano yɛ nnam & digit; Sub-grades 12 & 15 a ɛto so abien

7. Very Good (VG) : Hyɛ wɔ ne nyinaa mu, nkyerɛwde & digits yɛ mmerɛw nanso wotumi kenkan; Sub-grades 8 & 10 a ɛto so abien

8. Eye (G) : Outer nkyerɛwde & digits ayɛ ma kosi kakra a asɛe, kakra asɛe kosi nnam rim; Nkyekyɛmu nketewa 4 & 6

9. About Good (AG-3) : Nkyerɛwde & digit a wotumi kenkan dodow no ara, rims a asɛe

10. Fair (FR-2) : Nsɛm bi a wotumi hu, nkyerɛwde a ɛwɔ akyi no nsensanee, petee

11. Poor (PO-1) : Date, mint agyiraehyɛde, ne afe nkutoo na wobetumi ahu

Category Mmara ahorow

Ade foforo a ɛho hia a ɛsɛ sɛ yɛhyɛ no nsow: coding nhyehyɛe a wɔde yɛ saa token ahorow yi.

Esiane sɛ ahorow pii wɔ hɔ nti, nnwumakuw a wɔde nkyerɛwde ma te sɛ PCGS ayɛ nhyehyɛe bi a wɔde bɛkyekyɛ mfonini ahorow mu akuwakuw. Mpɛn pii no, wubehu afe (anaa bɛyɛ afe) no wɔ asɛmfua tiawa “HT” (ma Mmere a Ɛyɛ Den”) ne nɔma bi a wɔde ama no nkyɛn.

Sɛ nhwɛso no, 1835 mu mmere a emu yɛ den ho sɛnkyerɛnne bi a O. & P. ​​Boutwell yɛe wɔ New York no wɔ mmara 1835 HT-347 . Nnwumakuw afoforo dodow no ara di saa mmara yi akyi, ɛwom sɛ ebia wɔde bɛka ho wɔ token no ho nkyerɛkyerɛmu tenten bi awiei de, te sɛ “New York--Troy. 1835 O. & P. ​​Boutwell. HT-347” a efi Stack’s Bowers.

Bere a saa nneɛma no wɔ yɛn adwenem no, mmere a emu yɛ den ho sɛnkyerɛnne bo yɛ ahe?

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ: Abverse & reverse of 1834 Andrew Jackson / Running Boar mmere a emu yɛ den agyiraehyɛde, a PCGS | Mfonini no fi: PCGS CoinFacts , Wɔde di dwuma kwa

Nna Titiriw ne Nneɛma Ahorow

Nea eye ma wɔn a wɔboaboa nneɛma ano no, bere a emu yɛ den mu token bo sua koraa sen bere no mu sika a wɔkyekyɛe no. Wubetumi anya token ahorow a ɛwɔ Extremely Fine tebea mu a emu biara bɛyɛ $40.

Ɛno akyi no, mmere a emu yɛ den mu token pii a wɔtɔn wɔ aguadidan mu no adu bo a ɛyɛ nwonwa esiane nneɛma a yɛadi kan abobɔ din no a wɔaka abom nti.

Mmere a emu yɛ den token ahorow a wɔatɔn wɔ bo soronko so no din ni:

• So Menyɛ Onipa ne Onua HT-82 (1838) : Akoa barima a obu nkotodwe a ɔwɔ nkrasɛm a ɛko tia nkoasom, a wɔde EF-40 ahyɛ mu na wɔtɔn no $70,500 wɔ afe 2016 mu

• A. Loomis HT-379 (1843) : Store card type, a ɛwɔ AU58 na wɔtɔn no $21,600 wɔ afe 2019 mu

• Dr. L. Feuchtwanger HT-261 (1837-1838) : Store card a wɔde German dwetɛ ayɛ, a wɔakyerɛw so sɛ MS64 na wɔtɔn no dɔla 18,000 wɔ afe 2021 mu

• Beck's Public Baths HT-441 (1832-1844) : Store card, a wɔde MS64 ahyɛ mu na wɔtɔn no $14,400 wɔ afe 2019 mu

• Edwin Parmele Saloon HT-302 (1834-1839) : Store card, a wɔde MS62 ahyɛ mu & nhwɛsoɔ nko ara a wɔde ahyɛ mu wɔ Mint State a wɔtɔn no $11,400 wɔ afe 2019 mu

• Huckel, Burrows & Jennings HT-187 (1836) : Store card a wɔn a wɔyɛ token a wɔhwehwɛ no kɛse no mu biako yɛe, a wɔde AU Details ahyɛ no agyirae ne Reverse Damage & wɔtɔn no $10,800 wɔ afe 2020 mu

• Whig Victory HT-15D (1834) : Design a ɛhyɛ Whig Party afahyɛ na ɛhyɛ ɔmanfo nkuran sɛ “Save Your Constitution,” graded MS62 & wɔtɔn no $10,200 wɔ 2019 mu

• A. Loomis var. Silvered Copper HT-377 (1843) : Store card a dwetɛ aka wɔ afã abien no nyinaa, wɔakyerɛw EF Details–Environmental Damage & wɔtɔn no $9,000 wɔ 2020 mu

• Andrew Jackson / Running Boar HT-1 (1832) : Andrew Jackson wɔ anim a wɔakyerɛw “THE BANK MUST PERISH” wɔ akyi, wɔakyerɛw VF-35 & wɔtɔn no $7,800 wɔ afe 2023 mu

Eyinom yɛ mmere a emu yɛ den token a ɛsom bo sen biara a wɔatɔn pɛn wɔ aguadidan mu no bi, nanso mmere a emu yɛ den token ɔhaha pii wɔ hɔ a wobetumi anya wɔ bo a ɛyɛ den ma obiara a ɔboaboa ano.

Mfonini a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ: Mmere a emu yɛ den token ahorow a wɔaboaboa ano a wɔato din "Jackson-Van Buren Promotional and Satirical Items, ca. 1832-1837" sɛ Cornell Sukuupɔn Nneɛma a Wɔaboaboa Ano a ɛfa Political Americana| Mfonini no fi: Cornell Sukuupɔn Nhomakorabea, Ɔmanfo de

Mmere a Ɛyɛ Den Tokens: Abakɔsɛm ne Nneɛma Foforo Ho Nsɛnkyerɛnne a Ɛwɔ Tumi

Na mmere a emu yɛ den ho nsɛnkyerɛnne yɛ ade a wɔyɛe a ahokyere na ɛho hia, a wɔbɔɔ no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobegyina 1830 mfe no mu U.S. sikasɛm a ɛhwee ase no ano. Nanso saa nsɛnkyerɛnnede ahorow yi nso gyina hɔ ma Amerikafo nneɛma foforo ne wɔn anigye, a nkrasɛm a ɛka koma a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔsɔre tia ne abakɔsɛm a ɛyɛ fɛ a ɛbata Amerikafo bo a wɔasi wɔn bo honhom ho. Saa tokens yi mu biara yɛ soronko, na ɛma ɛyɛ ade a edi mũ a wɔde ka — anaasɛ mfiase — U.S. sika a wɔaboaboa ano.

Kɔtɔ mmere a emu yɛ den token ne sika soronko afoforo nnɛ!