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About Ancient Greek

It is said that when he died, Alexander the Great was asked who was going to be his heir. With his last words, he said to his generals: “The best of you all, but I think that I will have a funeral drawn in blood…”

And he was right, from 323 BC, his death, to 281 BC, the death of his last general, battles and crimes between the diadoch, or successor in Greek, were everyday events.

The stake was high, the winner was going to take all the empire, at that time basically all the known world. And the power blinded all. Father killed son, brother blinds brother, wife poisoned husband but none saw the power. Only one person was close to the supreme power. And he was Seleucos Ist Nicator…

In 323 BC when Alexander died, his empire was the largest of the world and it practically was the world… Alexander conquered the entire known world and, for example, when he reached the Indus in 326 BC, the border between India and his empire, it is said that his troops decided to stay there and advance no more, because they reached the edge of the world.

Seleucos was the son of Antiochos, a noble from Macedonia. He was the same age as Alexander and was probably born between 358 and 355 BC. When he was 12 he became page and stayed close to Alexander who took him as a friend in his campaign.

From 334 and 327 BC, he was a member of the elite cavalry or the heitairoi . In 327, the time of the Indian Campaign, he was given command of the Silver Shilds, the elite of the Macedonian Infantry, and led them in the most important moment of the battle, the attack against the elephants of king Porus.

After the campaign, he accompanied Alexander to Babilon. There he was a member of the aristocracy but only as a second class member, unlike the great generals of Alexander. There he married his wife, Apama, a Persian princess, and also his second wife, a daughter of Darius III, the former king of Persia.

When Alexander died, the power was divided by Alexander’s insane half brother, Phillipus and his unborn boy, Alexander the IV. The authority was exercided by the old generals, Perdiccas, supported by Ptolemy, Lysimachus, Eumenes and Pheiton. But Ptolemy betrayed Perdicass and was forced to fight him, after making and alliance with Perdiccas enemy, the general Antipatros, and his son Cassander. Also at that time, the old general Antigonos One Eye and his son, Demetrios, started fighting against all of the successors by trying to control the western part of Asia.

As a commander of the silvershields, Seleucos was an important commander but not a powerful one. He was appointed commander of the cavalry and also was given the rank of chiliarh, something between a colonel and general of the modern times. Because Perdiccas needed a loyal general, he was nominated in 320 as satrap or governor of Babilon, the capital of the empire, the most important and the richest province but with limited military power. He was able to rule this province only until 316 when in a new context he was attached by Eumenes, on Antigonos order. But Eumenes betrayed Antogonos and Seleucos joined Antigonos against him. These moments revealed that Seleucos, unlike most of his friends or enemies, had the ability to wait for the right moment and not blaze into the battle.

In 315 Antigonos entered Babilon and had a warm welcome from Seleucos, governor once again. But the good relations were only short term and Seleucos is forced to run once again, this time to his old friend Ptolemy, governor of Egypt. But this moment was a great turmoil, because in Macedonia, Cassander murdered the king, Philip the Mad, his wife Eurydice and Alexander’s mother, Olympias.

In Egypt, Seleucos was appointed admiral of the fleet, one of the most powerful of that time and continued to fight Antigonos, also with the help of Ptolemy. This lasted from 314 to 311 BC.

In 312, Seleucos defeted Antigonos son, Demetrios Poliorketes, and headed back to Babilon. When he entered the capital, this time forever, he was given the name Nikator, from the word Nike, or Victory in Greek. Also that year became the first year of the Seleucid era and the count of time started with Seleucos.

From 311-302, his campaigns were made in the east. The rich provinces from there were revolting and he was forced to keep his government strong. He was able to reach the Indus river and there he made a treaty with the Indian kings. From there, he bought a very important category of weapons: the elephants… he was the only ruler from the western part of the Indus that had these threatening animals.

After the Eastern Campaign, he was able to go once again at war against Antigonos and Demetrios. But in 305 Antigonos made a serious thing that changed history… he proclaimed himself king. No general ever dared doing that. Only a member of the royal family can held the supreme power. Immediately, Ptolemy, Lysimachus, Cassander and Seleucos followed him and this meant the end of Alexander’s empire. Alexander’s son was also assassinated, together with his mother, and war erupted between Antigonos and Demetrios on the one hand and Ptolemy, Cassander, Lysimach and Seleucos on the other hand.

On 301 BC at Ipsus, the decisive batlle took place between the kings. Antigonos was killed during the battle and Demetrios was forced to flee. The 4 allies split the Antigonos empire and Seleucos was given the Syrian parts and Asia Minor.

Syria soon became a problem. In that moment Ptolemy wanted that province also but he was able to manage the problem with his old friend and supporter. His son, Antiochus Soter, and Ptolemy son, Ptolemy Philadelphos, started a terrible war for this rich region, fight that lasted for generations and had weakened the two empires.

From that moment on, Seleucos started to organize his empire, the largest of all. He founded in 307 a large capital on the Tiger River, Seleucia. In Syria, he also made Antioch on Orontes, named after his older son, Antiochus Soter (the Savior). Apameian on Orontes and Laodiceea in Syria were other 2 large cities, named after his two wives.

But in 282-281 he was forced to go once again in battle. After 301, Cassader was assassinated and Demetrius was proclaimed king of Macedonia, in Cassader’s place. Demetrius also invaded Asia but he was taken prisoner by Seleucos. Lysimach took then the Demetrius possessions but a conflict erupted between him and Seleucos because of   Ptolemy’s son, Ptolemy Keraunos. At Couropedion in 281, the two last living generals of Alexander meet in the battle and Lysimach was killed.

Seleucos was now the winning general of all the Alexander’s army. But destiny was cruel, only one week later, Ptolemy Keraunos assasined him and this was the end of the last general of Alexander…

His coinage is very spectacular. He had the opportunity to access large quantities of precious metals.

The most common coin was the silver tetradrachm, or 4 drachma. It was made of silver and on one side shows the head of Hercules and on the other Zeus sitting on a throne. The legend is BASILEOU SELEOUKOU or “(the coin) of king Seleucos”

The commemorative issues are sometimes more spectacular. Sometimes the king’s portrait appears, with a helmet. One issue shows the head of Zeus on one side and a quadriga pulled by elephants to right on the other, a tribute to the main military weapon of the empire.

Also he has a large series of copper coins, for local trade, with some spectacular coins. One of this coins shows the head of Medusa, the woman that stoned everyone who looked at her on one side and a bull butting right on the other.

Vasilita Stefan

Ancient Greek coinage to make things easier should be divided into three periods, the Archaic, the Classical and the Hellenistic. The Archaic period of coins extends from the introduction to the Greek world about 600 BCE until the Persian Wars about 480 BCE. The Classical period began, and lasted until the invasion of Alexander the Great in about 330 BC, then the Hellenistic period began. The Hellenistic period extended until the Roman amalgamation of the Greek world in the 1st century BCE. The Greeks cities continued to produce their own coins for several more centuries under Roman rule, called Roman provincial coins.

Archaic period

  The Greek world was divided into at least a hundred self-governing cities and towns which had issued most of their own coins.   Some coins circulated widely beyond their province, showing that these coins were being used in inter-city trade; the first coin to be traded inter-city appears to have been the silver drachma of Aegina . As such coins circulated more widely, coins of other cities came increasingly to be minted to the sam e weight standard although, and the coin was marked with the symbols of the issuing city. This is rather like today\\\'s Euro coins.

Classical period

  The name says it all the Classical period in Greek coinage saw coins reaching a high level of technical and aesthetic quality. Larger cities produced a range of fine silver and gold coins.  These coins would be bearing a portrait of their patron god or goddess, or a legendary hero, on one side, and a symbol of the city on the other. Some coins employed a visual icon: coins from Rhodes featured a rose, since the Greek word for rose is rhodon . The use of inscriptions on coins also began, usually the name of the issuing city. The wealthy cities of Sicily produced some especially fine coins. The large silver decadrachm coin from Syracuse is regarded by many collectors as the finest coin produced in the ancient world.

Hellenistic period

  Greek-speaking kingdoms were established in Egypt and Syria , and also in Iran and as far east as what is now Afghanistan and north-western India . Greek traders spread Greek coins across this vast area.  The Hellenistic period was characterised by the spread of Greek culture across a large part of the known world.  The new kingdoms soon began to produce their own coins, because these kingdoms were much larger and wealthier than the Greek city states of the classical period.  Their coins tended to be more mass-produced, larger and more frequently in gold. They often lacked the aesthetic delicacy of coins of the earlier period.

 

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